Currently I have:
3 Differences from standard Minnan
Most of the differences between Penang Hokkien and Amoy Hokkien exist also in Zhangzhou, e.g.:
1. The use of -uiⁿ where Amoy has -ng, e.g. 門 muiⁿ5, 飯 puiⁿ7, 酸 suiⁿ1, etc.;
2. The use of -ε and -εⁿ where Amoy has -e and -iⁿ, e.g. 家 kε1, 蝦 hε5, 生 sεⁿ1;
3. The use of -oe where Amoy has -e and vice versa, e.g. 火 hoe2, 未 boe7, 細 se3;
4. The use of -oa where Amoy has -oe, e.g. 話 oa7, 花 hoa1, 瓜 koa1;
5. The use of -iơⁿ(in Penang sometimes -iauⁿ) where Amoy has -iuⁿ, e.g. 羊 iơⁿ5, 丈 tiơⁿ7, 想 siơⁿ7;
6. The use of -iang where Amoy has -iong, e.g. 上 siang7, 香 hiang1;
7. The use of j- in some words where Amoy has l-, e.g. 入 jip8, 熱 joah8, 日 jit8;
8. The use of Zhangzhou pronunciations such as 糜 moai5 (Amoy: be5), 先生 sin1-sεⁿ1 (Amoy: sien1-siⁿ1), etc.;
9. The use of Zhangzhou expressions such as 挑羹 th(i)au1-kiong1 (Amoy: 湯匙 thng1-si5)
4 Differences from the Zhangzhou dialect
Although Penang Hokkien is obviously based on the Zhangzhou dialect, there are some obvious differences, which in many cases result from the influence of other Minnan dialects, e.g.:
10. The lower-entering (8th) tone in Penang, which is pronounced high [5] as in Amoy and many other parts of Fujian, whereas in most Zhangzhou dialects it is low with a slight lilt [12];
11. The use of -u in some words such as 汝 lu2, 豬 tu1, 魚 hu5, etc., where Zhangzhou has li2, ti1 and hi5. This is a characteristic of dialects in other parts of Zhangzhou and Xiamen prefectures.
12. The adoption of pronunciations from Teochew: e.g. 我 wa2 (Zhangzhou: goa2), 我人 uang21, 汝人 luang21, 伊人 iang1 (Zhangzhou and Amoy: 阮 gun2 / guan2, 恁 lin2, [亻因] in1)
13. The adoption of Amoy and Quanzhou pronunciations like 否勢 phaiⁿ2-se3 (Zhangzhou: bai2 / phaiⁿ2-si3), 百 pah8 (Zhangzhou: pεh8), etc.
14. The use of unique variants such as 甚物 haⁿ2-mih8 (Longhai: aⁿ2-mih8; Zhangzhou: saⁿ2-mih8 or siaⁿ2-mih8).
I need to completely rewrite the comparisons to be based on one of these three areas instead of Zhangzhou. For that, first, I need to know which is the closest. I have numbered the comparisons 1-14, and would be grateful if anyone who knows, but particularly Hong, could say which of these are the same or different to Xinglin/Jiaomei/Haicang.
Secondly, I need to cite a source. Is there one book that has the required information? I have looked at the 閩台方言的源流与嬗變 but it doesn't seem to go down to that level of geographical detail.
There is a map of Fujian http://www.0833.net/cntop/cnimg/fujian.jpg here, for anyone who wants to look at the places being discussed.[/quote]
Penang Hokkien word for it! 